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利率變化如何影響期權價格?
uSMART盈立智投 03-10 15:57

在疫情後短短兩年,利率迅速由0飆升至接近5的水平,瞭解利率對期權價格的影響情況變得至關重要。

Rho到底有什麼作用?

希臘字母,包括 Delta、Gamma、Theta、Vega 和 Rho,衡量影響期權合約價格的不同因素。它們是使用理論期權定價模型計算的。與利率相關的希臘語是 Rho。本質上,Rho 表示的是“無風險”利率上升或下降 1%,期權合約的價格應該上漲或下跌多少。 

Rho 如何影響期權

看漲期權的 Rho 爲正,因此在其他條件相同的情況下,隨着利率上升,看漲期權的價格往往會略有上漲。看跌期權的 Rho 爲負,因此在其他條件相同的情況下,隨着利率上升,看跌期權的價格往往會略有下降。

在影響期權價格的所有變量中,Rho 是最不重要的變量之一。但是,在利率上升或下降的環境中,不應完全忽視它。長期期權對利率變化的敏感度要高得多,因爲利率在三年內可能會發生很大變化。

以看漲期權爲例,爲何Rho會影響期權價格?

如果投資者以每股 100 美元的價格購買 100 股 XYZ,則成本將爲 10,000 美元。投資者同時可以決定以每份合約 5 美元的價格購買兩個六個月後到期的平值看漲期權,而不是購買 100 股 XYZ 股票。由於平值看漲期權的 Delta 值通常接近 0.50,最初這兩個看漲期權的損益特徵預計爲與 100 股 XYZ 股票非常相似。

股票交易的總成本爲 10,000 美元,而期權交易的成本僅爲 1,001.30 美元([5 美元 x 2 份合約 x 100] + 1.30 美元傭金)。但同時,投資者沒有花在 XYZ 股票上的 8,998.70 美元可以投資於美國國債。

使用簡單的利息計算,如果國債利率爲 0.15%,這 8,998.70 美元將賺取約 6.73 美元(0.0015 x 8,998.70 x [182/365])。在非常低的利率環境中,這可能被認爲可以忽略不計。然而,即使國債利率爲 1.00%,它也將賺取約 44.87 美元(0.01 x 8,998.70 x [182/365]),是其六倍多。 

在這個例子中,投資者可以看到在高利率環境下,購買股票(相對於購買看漲期權)的機會成本比在低利率環境下高很多。正是出於這個原因,期權定價模型包括利率成分。隨着利率上升,購買看漲期權(相對於購買股票)變得更具吸引力,這會推高看漲期權的價格。 

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