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期權賺錢快慢誰來定?Gamma是關鍵
uSMART盈立智投 02-03 17:45

Gamma到底是什麼期權變化加速度

用之前的齒輪來解釋,股票和期權之間的傳動比是Delta。股票和Delta之間的傳動比是Gamma,因此Gamma描述的是期權變化的加速度。

Gamma表示股價每變動$1,期權的Delta所變動的大小(其他條件不變的情況下)。例如Gamma=0.03,代表當股價增加或減少$1,期權Delta增加0.03或減少0.03。

由於Delta是股價和期權價格的傳動程度,所以當Delta改變,又會進一步帶動期權價格變動。

假設原先的Delta=0.57: 當股價增加$1,期權Delta變爲0.57+0.03=0.61。未來股價再次波動$1,期權價將從之前變動$0.57,升級成變動$0.61。期權在加速變化。

當股價減少$1,期權Delta變爲0.57-0.03=0.54。未來股價再次波動$1,期權價將從之前變動$0.57,降級成變動$0.54。期權在減速變化。

Gamma的正負該如何理解?

之前所有的例子中有一個共性,就是Gamma讀數都爲正。但遺漏了Gamma爲負數的情況。事實上,負Gamma會使所有情況顛倒過來。

買入期權頭寸是正Gamma。正Gamma特性是,股價和Delta同方向變化。即股價上升, Delta增加;股價下跌,Delta減小。

賣出期權頭寸是負Gamma。負Gamma特性是,股價和Delta反方向變化。即股價上升, Delta減小;股價下跌,Delta增加。

如果把四類期權頭寸按照這個結論—一思考一遍的話,會進一步發現以下推論:

買入期權頭寸由於存在正Gamma,當價格對投資者有利的時候,頭寸盈利速度會越來越快;當價格對你不利的時候,頭寸虧損速度會越來越慢。

賣出期權頭寸由於存在負Gamma,當價格對你有利的時候,頭寸盈利速度會越來越慢;當價格對你不利的時候,頭寸虧損速度會越來越快。

用一個形象的比喻,買入期權Gamma帶給你的是錦上添花,賣出期權帶給你的是落井下石。

時間、價格與Gamma有着什麼樣的恩怨情仇?

平值期權附近的Gamma讀數最大,而分別往兩邊,進入ITM或OTM狀態,Gamma都在逐漸縮小,這意味着平值期權附近的Delta敏感性最高,一點點股價波動,都會引起較大的期權合約金額變化。

隨着到期日臨近,如果期權合約處在平值狀態附近,Gamma曲線會被逐漸擡高,Gamma讀數增大。如果期權合約處在深度OTM或深度ITM狀態,Gamma曲線會被逐漸壓低,趨近於X軸,Gamma讀數縮小。

這意味着越靠近到期日,靠近平值狀態的期權會承受巨幅價格波動,由此嚴重影響損益。而深度的實值或虛值狀態,Gamma不會對期權價格產生重大影響。

在大部分時候,Gamma讀數急劇升高並不是好事。也許投資者會認爲對於買入期權的正Gamma來說,讀數越高,價格有利於你時,盈利會呈拋物線型增長。別忘了,一旦價格走反,你的利潤將同樣以拋物線的速度失去。

正是這個原因,監測Gamma的變化,控制期權Delta敏感性風險,是穩健型投資者的首選——除非你有明確的理由去承受Gamma風險。如何消除Gamma風險?提前平倉。

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