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美債收益率突然飆升!一文讀懂隔夜美聯儲“鴿派”官員的“鷹派”講話

如果市場對美聯儲在當前關鍵問題——通脹上的立場有任何疑問,美聯儲重要官員在隔夜的講話中給出了更爲明確的答案。

美聯儲理事佈雷納德(Lael Brainard)和舊金山聯邦儲備銀行(San Francisco Fed)總裁戴利(Mary Daly)發表的講話均顯示,他們都預期加息,而對前者來說,則是大幅縮減其資產負債表上的資產。

這些鷹派言論也導致美國主要股指當日大幅下跌,10年期美國國債收益率創下2022年新高。佈雷納德在明尼阿波利斯聯儲網絡研討會上表示:“降低通脹至關重要。” “美聯儲將通過一系列加息,以及在5月會議後立即開始快速縮減資產負債表,繼續有條不紊地收緊貨幣政策。”

週二,10年期美國國債升至2019年5月以來的最高水平,投資者對美聯儲(Federal Reserve)行長萊爾•佈雷納德(Lael Brainard)的言論進行了權衡。 10年期美國國債收益率曾觸及2.562%的高點,2年期基準利率爲2.528%。最近2年期國債最近在10年期國債上方交易,引發了所謂的收益率曲線倒掛。

五年期美國國債收益率上漲約15個基點至2.7%,30年期美國國債收益率升至2.592%,上漲近12個基點。

收益率曲線倒置歷來發生在經濟衰退之前,因爲投資者拋售短期債券,買入較長期債券,以表明他們對經濟短期健康狀況的疑慮。市場擔心,美聯儲大幅加息,加上通脹上升,可能會給經濟增長帶來壓力。

佈雷納德這番言論打壓了華爾街股市隔夜開盤時的積極走勢,最終導致道瓊斯工業指數下跌近1%。美聯儲發表更激進言論之際,30年期固定抵押貸款利率已突破5%,這是一個可能令房地產市場放緩的關鍵門檻。

當天晚些時候,戴利說,通貨膨脹處於40年來的高點,這和和失業一樣有害。戴利說提高利率是必要的,以確保不會擔心價格是否會上漲,會大幅上漲。

美聯儲已經宣佈今年首次加息,將在3月份加息0.25個百分點。市場預計,今年剩下的六次會議每次都將上調利率,可能總計上調2.5個百分點。

兩位“鴿派”

讓這兩位官員的言論更引人注目的是,人們認爲他們站在美聯儲的“鴿派”陣營——這意味着他們通常傾向於低利率和寬鬆的政策。當他們都認爲收緊貨幣政策相當迫切,這突顯出美聯儲對通脹這一威脅的重視程度。

佈雷納德被提名爲聯邦公開市場委員會(FOMC)副主席。佈雷納德表示,她預計美聯儲9萬億美元的資產負債表將比2017-19年上次減值時“收縮得更快”。她的言論爲許多經濟學家預計的每月縮表額度將在800億至1,000億美元左右。

佈雷納德補充說,減少資產負債表“將有助於貨幣政策收緊,超出預期的政策利率上調幅度。”“目前,通脹過高,存在上行風險。如果通脹指標和通脹預期顯示有必要採取更有力的行動,委員會準備採取更有力的行動。”

戴利也重申,美聯儲可能在5月開始削減資產負債表,並補充稱,美聯儲抗擊通脹的承諾"將意味着利率上升"。

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