獲默沙東、基石藥業青睞,ROR1為何成為抗癌新興靶點?
作者:藥明康德內容團隊編輯
來源:藥明康德公眾號

11月5日,默沙東(MSD)公司和VelosBio公司聯合宣佈,雙方已達成協議,默沙東將斥資27.5億美元收購VelosBio公司。VelosBio公司是一家致力於開發靶向受體酪氨酸激酶樣孤兒受體1(ROR1)的“first-in-class”抗癌療法的生物醫藥公司。其主打在研產品VLS-101是一款靶向ROR1的抗體偶聯藥物(ADC),目前正分別在一項1期臨牀試驗和一項2期臨牀試驗中用於治療血液癌症和實體瘤。

而在1周前,基石藥業剛剛宣佈與LegoChem Biosciences公司達成授權協議,獲得一款靶向ROR1的抗體偶聯藥物LCB71,總計合作金額可超過3.6億美元。ROR1靶點為何受到默沙東和基石藥業的青睞?研發管線中還有哪些創新療法靶向這一新興靶點?今天藥明康德內容團隊將結合公開資料探討這些問題。
ROR1在胚胎髮育和癌症中的作用
ROR1是一種跨膜受體酪氨酸激酶蛋白。在胚胎髮育時,它通過介導Wnt信號通路的信號傳遞,在多種生理過程中發揮重要作用,其中包括調節細胞分裂、增殖、遷移、和細胞趨化性(chemotaxis)。
ROR1雖然在胚胎和嬰兒發育階段高度表達,但是它的表達水平在兒童和成人階段顯著下降。然而,ROR1的表達在多種血液癌症和實體瘤中顯著提高。高度表達ROR1的血液癌症包括B細胞慢性淋巴細胞白血病(CLL),急性淋巴細胞白血病(ALL),非霍奇金淋巴瘤(NHL),和髓系血液癌症。在實體瘤中,表達ROR1的癌症類型包括結腸癌、肺癌、胰腺癌、卵巢癌等多種癌症。

▲ROR1在不同發育階段的表達水平(圖片來源:VelosBio公司官網,藥明康德內容團隊製圖)
ROR1在多種癌症中的高度表達吸引了科學家的注意。以往科學研究表明,ROR1在癌症幹細胞的發育和上皮間充質轉化(EMT)過程中起到重要作用。癌症幹細胞是腫瘤中更具有幹細胞特徵的癌細胞,它們通常對化療藥物具有更高的耐藥性。而EMT過程讓細胞的形態從上皮細胞的形態轉化為間質細胞的形態,讓它們更具侵襲性,促進癌症的轉移。
靶向ROR1的多種手段
因為ROR1在腫瘤細胞中高度表達,而在成人健康組織中表達量很低,因此它成為藥物開發人員關注的腫瘤特異性靶點。目前有多家公司在開發靶向ROR1的抗癌療法,其中包括單克隆抗體、抗體偶聯藥物、雙特異性抗體、以及CAR-T療法等多種治療模式。

以被默沙東收購的VelosBio為例,該公司的VLS-101是一款靶向ROR1的抗體偶聯藥物。在與癌症細胞表明的ROR1抗原相結合後,VLS-101會被細胞吞噬,在細胞內部釋放偶聯的細胞毒素,達到殺傷癌細胞的作用。
在治療血液癌症的1期臨牀試驗中,VLS-101在治療套細胞淋巴瘤(MCL)患者時達到47%(7/15)的客觀緩解率,在治療瀰漫性大B細胞淋巴瘤患者時達到80%(4/5)的緩解率。值得一提的是,這些患者都已經接受過多種其它抗癌療法的治療並且疾病復發,代表着非常難治的患者羣體。

▲靶向ROR1的抗體偶聯藥物示意圖(圖片來源:VelosBio公司官網)
基石藥業收購的LCB71也是一款抗體偶聯藥物,LCB71攜帶腫瘤激活的吡咯並苯二氮卓(PBD)前毒素,可解決與傳統PBD載荷有關的毒性問題。LCB71利用定向偶聯技術獲得精準的藥物抗體比率,有效地支持藥物血清半衰期並改善其藥代動力學特性。
另一類靶向ROR1的方式是開發靶向ROR1的免疫療法。VelosBio公司正在開發一款雙特異性抗體,它的一端可以與ROR1靶點結合,另一端與T細胞表面的CD3受體或自然殺傷細胞表面的CD16受體結合,吸引並激活這些免疫細胞消滅腫瘤。
構建靶向ROR1的CAR-T細胞療法也可以起到針對性殺傷ROR1陽性癌細胞的作用。百時美施貴寶(BMS)公司旗下的Juno Therapeutics開發的JCAR024目前正在1期臨牀試驗中接受檢驗,用於治療ROR1陽性的血液癌症和實體瘤,包含非小細胞肺癌、三陰性乳腺癌、CLL、MCL和ALL患者。
此外,特異性抑制ROR1激酶活性的小分子抑制劑和單克隆抗體療法也在研發中。我們預祝這些在研療法研發順利,早日為多種癌症患者帶來創新治療選擇。
注:本文旨在介紹醫藥健康研究,不是治療方案推薦。如需獲得治療方案指導,請前往正規醫院就診。
參考資料:
[1] Merck to Acquire VelosBio. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20201105005543/en
[2] Inspired by ASH data, Merck's Roger Perlmutter swoops in with a $2.75B ROR1 buyout aimed at beefing up the cancer pipeline. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://endpts.com/inspired-by-ash-data-mercks-roger-perlmutter-swoops-in-with-a-2-75b-ror1-buyout-aimed-at-beefing-up-the-cancer-pipeline/
[3] VelosBio. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://velosbio.com/
[4] Velosbio takes a different approach to Ror1. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://www.evaluate.com/vantage/articles/news/snippets/velosbio-takes-different-approach-ror1
[5] Karvonen et al., (2019). Molecular Mechanisms Associated with ROR1-Mediated Drug Resistance: Crosstalk with Hippo-YAP/TAZ and BMI-1 Pathways. Cells, doi: 10.3390/cells8080812
[6] 超3.6億美元!基石藥業引進一款靶向ROR1的抗體偶聯藥物. Retrieved November 5, 2020, from https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?__biz=MzUxMTY5MzM5OQ==&mid=2247502559&idx=1&sn=cbd4d15311c86e073aec0e11460fa6bb
[7] Borcherding et al, (2014). ROR1, an embryonic protein with an emerging role in cancer biology. Protein Cell, doi: 10.1007/s13238-014-0059-7
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