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特斯拉电池日回顾:特斯拉到底在下什么棋?
格隆汇 09-24 14:19

机构:招商银行

特斯拉(TSLA US)于北京时间 9 月 23 日凌晨举办了电池日活动,并发布相关电池技术。在我们上一篇《特斯拉电池日前瞻:以故事拼图的思维看特斯拉电池日》,我们强调围绕特斯拉长远战略的思考方式。特斯拉作为一个具有互联网思维的企业,我们认为其长远故事主要基于 Robotaxi 租赁、OTA 升级收费、电网储能收费、电动重卡共享等商业模式。大规模普及是其构建长远商业模式的一个必要条件,而电池成本的降低又是其大规模普及的一个必要前提。因此我们认为电池日最大的亮点并非来自于电池核心技术创新,而是特斯拉对整体电池需求量(2022 年 100GWh / 2030 年 3TWh)与价格的愿景(度电成本下降了 56%)。基于上述理解,我们认为电池日的所展现的目标实质是降本,并通过降本迅速铺开特斯拉各个品类车型以及电池技术的应用。从这个角度来看,我们相信磷酸铁锂电池将成为构筑特斯拉产品降本路径上的重要一环,并有望在特斯拉产品中的渗透率逐步提高。我们推荐投资者关注国内动力电池行业领导者宁德时代(300750 CH)以及磷酸铁锂正极材料龙头企业德方纳米(300769 CH)。我们同时推荐国内具备与特斯拉相同的垂直整合及研发能力的新能源行业龙头比亚迪(1211 HK/002594 CH)。

电池日中提到的生产成本、投资成本、碳排放降低,均以下游快速扩量为目 的。在电池日中出现的多项数据罗列之中,我们认为 1)度电成本降低 56%, 以降成本刺激需求;2)单 GWh 生产投资减少 69%,有利于供应端快速扩产,以满足下游需求的增长;以及 3)反复强调更低的碳排放,从而鼓励政府加快电动车及储能普及。Elon Musk 在电池日同时提到,希望上游供应商扩产以支持特斯拉的快速发展。我们认为这一切都是为了特斯拉能够快速的扩展规模,进而实现其长远的商业战略。

特斯拉的降本路径以度电成本为核心考量。特斯拉自产电池的度电降本路径,包括五大方面,即电池包设计(降低 14%)、工艺改良(降低 18%)、负极改性(降 低 5%)、正极改性(降低 12%)、电池底盘集成(降低 7%)等。我们认为度电成本降低需要一定的规模效应。在产量的目标方面,特斯拉计划在 2022 年实现自产 100GWh 电池,2030 年目标实现 3000GWh。同时,我们认为在降本路径方面,生产工艺改善比电化学性能突破的成功机会更高。

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