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华尔街“绑架”美联储——2019年7月鲍威尔国会证词点评
格隆汇 07-12 12:13

来源:招商银行研究

美东时间7月10日,美联储主席鲍威尔出席美国国会听证会,阐释美联储的半年度货币政策报告,并发表对美国经济形势和货币政策的看法。对此我们点评如下:

一、鲍威尔对美国经济基本面的判断释放了强烈的鸽派信号

从美联储货币政策的两大目标来看,尽管鲍威尔表示就业市场仍然健康发展,但“通胀疲弱可能比预期持续得更久”(there is a risk that weak inflation will be even more persistent than we currently anticipate)。此外,鲍威尔还强调了贸易摩擦和全球衰退的“共振”(crosscurrents),对经济基本面的看法更为审慎,表示今年一季度美国GDP 3.1%的增速主要受到净出口和存货的拉动,动能并不稳固,特别是商业投资显著放缓,使得二季度美国经济增速有所下降。鲍威尔的这些表述进一步推升了市场对美联储的降息预期,听证会后美股强劲上扬,三大股指均创盘中历史新高。

二、美联储货币政策立场进一步转向

听证会上鲍威尔回顾了上半年美联储的货币政策立场。1月、3月和5月的FOMC会议均强调“保持耐心”(patience),之后票委们对美国经济形势进行了重新评估,并在6月的会议上将“保持耐心”调整为“密切观察”(closely monitor)。17位票委中主张降息的人数从0位上升至8位(其中7位认为应降息2次),与主张利率不变的票委人数持平(另有一人主张加息)。听证会上鲍威尔代表美联储发表鸽派言论(鲍威尔以“my colleagues and I”自称),指向6月议息会议上美联储内部分化的观点正在趋于一致(赞同降息人数上升至多数)

三、美联储被华尔街“绑架”

值得注意的是,虽然美国经济面临的不确定性升高,但从数据上看经济运行总体仍然稳健,并未表现出陷入大幅衰退的风险。鲍威尔也在听证会上表示,美联储预期美国经济增长保持稳健、劳动力市场保持强劲、通胀逐渐向2%的目标水平靠近。

就此判断,若美联储在7月开启降息周期,更多根据的是 “经济前景的不确定性”(uncertainties about the outlook)而非既成事实,是“未雨绸缪”式的“预防式降息”。从这个意义上说,市场当前对于美联储降息的预期已然过高,对于美联储的鸽派言论也有过度解读的倾向。实际上,不论是鲍威尔此次强调的贸易摩擦、全球放缓还是通胀疲软,都并非近期才有的变化,而在去年底面临相似的政策环境时,美联储给出的“药方”却是继续加息。

探究美联储在半年内态度急转的原因,与市场预期及特朗普的干预难逃干系。今年二季度以来全球金融市场的风险偏好受到经济放缓和贸易摩擦的剧烈冲击,对于美联储降息的预期也急剧升温。在美股位于历史高位的背景下,美联储很难与市场情绪“对抗”:若美联储货币政策让市场“失望”,极有可能造成市场巨震、带来风险,并引发特朗普更为猛烈的抨击。

四、美联储独立性遭受挑战

从去年开始,特朗普就打破总统不干涉美联储货币政策的传统,多次抨击美联储的加息决定,声称美联储去年的加息已经抑制了美国经济,不断要求美联储尽快降息以支撑美国经济,并多次表示自己有权力和意愿解除美联储主席鲍威尔的职务。鲍威尔在此次听证会上表示,“即便美国总统特朗普要求我辞职,我也不会辞职”。然而,特朗普仍然可以通过人事安排来影响美联储的货币政策立场。近期,特朗普有意提名两位支持降息的鸽派经济学家出任美联储理事,而土耳其央行行长被撤换也加大了美联储官员们的压力。市场压力和政治压力无疑正对美联储的决策在同一方向上造成了“双重掣肘”。

五、结论:美联储或将于7月“预防式降息”

结合此次听证会的最新信息,我们预计美联储会在今年下半年择机降息1-2次,每次幅度为25bp。鲍威尔释放的鸽派信号可被视为美联储在7月议息会议前的“预期管理”,因此美联储在7月降息25bp、开启新一轮降息周期的概率仍然很高,但直接降息50bp的必要性和可能性都极低。在此基础上,美联储或于四季度再视经济走势降息一次。此外,原定于9月结束的“缩表”计划也可能被提前终止。

但如前所述,当前金融市场对降息预期已过分反应、押注过高,7月美联储降息后对于市场提振将有限。更值得提防的是美联储货币政策立场不达市场预期后所引发的回调风险。对我国而言,美联储降息将减弱对美元的支撑,为我国央行的政策操作进一步打开空间。

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